DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English” Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct  :                                               Indirect :
Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “

I : She says to her friend that he has been reading

2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “

I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly

3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “

I : Reza said that he was very sleepy

4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “

I : He has told you that he is writing

5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “

I : Mothe advised her son to study hard

6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “

I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football

7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus

I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning

8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “

I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies

9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “

I : Mother asked her not to go there alone

10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “

I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Sumber : http://triicecsfabregas.blogspot.com

Talking about cause and effect

Talking about cause and effect

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Cause and effect

When we talk about an effect resulting from a certain cause, we use expressions such as: because, since, as, owing to, due to...

 Examples

• The police arrested him because he broke into a bank.
• The police arrested him since he broke into a bank.
• She can't read the letter as she is illiterate.
• He can't run fast for he is too fat.
• Owing to his intelligence, he managed to solve the problem.
• Due to the bad weather, they didn't go for a picnic.

Other ways to express cause and effect:

You can also express cause and effect as follows:

• The cause of …is…
• …is caused by / is due to …
• Thanks to ...

 Examples:

The cause of	global warming	is pollution.
Global warming	is caused by	pollution.
	is due to

Thanks to

his hard work ,

he passed the exam

Is there a difference between due to and owing to?

Owing to and due to are used interchangeably by native speakers although some state that there is a difference.
a. Due to:
If you can use caused by then you can also use due to:
Example:

Noun Clause

Definisi dan Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause

Noun cluase adalah sebuah kalimat yang yang bergantung pada kalimat yang lain. Noun clauses tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena dia belum memiliki makna yang lengkap atau biasa dikatakan dependent clause. Ada beberapa macam kata yang biasa dipakai pada noun clauses seperti when, why, whom, where, how, what, whose, dan which.

Fungsi dan Contoh Noun Clause

1.    Noun clause sebagai subject kalimat (subject of a sentence)

       Contoh kalimat:

       What you said doesn’t convince me at all.

       How he becomes so rich makes people curious.

       What the salesman has said is untrue.

       That the world is round is a fact.

2.    Noun clause sebagai object verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)

       Contoh kalimat:

       I know what you mean.

       I don’t understand what he is talking about.

       Please tell me what happened.

       He said that his son would study in Australia.

3.    Noun clause sebagai object preposisi (object of a preposition)

       Contoh kalimat:

       Please listen to what your teacher is saying.

       Be careful of what you’re doing.

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Expression of Embarrassment

Expression of Embarrassment

Expressing embarrassment is expressing feeling of being worries and ashamed. Expressing embarrassment is used to show that someone is embarrassed.

There are some expressions that can be used in expressing embarrassment, they are: 

• How embarrassing
• What an embarrassment!
•  I must say that it’s an embarrassment.
• That’s a real embarrassment.
• What a shame.
• It’s my embarrassment to ….
• I was so ashamed
• It really makes me ashamed.
•  Tell me it never happened.
• I was so embarrassed.
• tell me it did not happen.
• I am embarrassed
• I feel ashamed
• Shame on me
• I don't feel comfortable
• I feel awkward
• It’s my embarrassment to…

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan. Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu real conditional (nyata) dan unreal/ contrary to fact (tidak nyata).

Conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:

a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.

b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).

Ada beberapa tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:

1. Type I: Future Conditional
2. Type II: Present Conditional

3. Type III: Past Conditional

1. Type I: Future Conditional

Kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejadian yang diharapkan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi. (probable condition)

Pola kalimat:

If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense atau subjek + future tense, if + subjek + future tense

Contoh:

English test (vocabulary)

1. I'm .....  of, although I'm not a winner
  a.calm    c.unfriendly
  b.proud  d.sad

2. I ...... my dad who was in Singapore
  a.lonely               c.angry
  b.embarrassed  d.homesick

3. What do you feel when you see a ghost?
  a.nervous           c.Frightened
  b.embarrassed  d.sad

Spoof Text

Spoof text adalah salah satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang isinya mengenai cerita lucu. Siapa sih yang tidak tersenyum jika ada hal yang bersifat lucu? Orang stress aja kali ya? Jika narrative text cenderung menceritakan suatu kisah dengan berbagai permasalahan yang harus dipecahkan; dan jika recount text lebih condong menceritakan kegiatan seseorang dalam urutan waktu tertentu, spoof text masih berbeda dengan dengan kedua teks tersebut. Apa sih Spoff text itu ?

DEFINISI SPOOF TEXT

Disebutkan dalam Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Online, ada dua makna spoof. Pertama, sebagai kata benda, spoof bermakna, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theatre, etc. that copies the style of an original work". Sedang kedua, spoof sebagai kata kerja, bermakna, "to try to make someone believe in something that is not true, as a joke."

Dari kedua arti spoof di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian spoof text adalah sebuah teks yang berisi tentang humor meski sebagian teksnya sudah dimodifikasi dari aslinya.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF SPOOF TEXT

Generic Structure (Susunan umum) dalam spoof text adalah :

1. Orientation, berisi pengenalan tokoh, latar, setting dll.
2. Events, berisi peristiwa atau kejadian
3. Twist, ending cerita (akhir cerita yang dianggap lucu, kadang tidak terduga)

Penjelasan mengenai orientation dan event sudah sering dibahas, khususnya pada pelajaran narrative text dan recount text. Dalam spoof text pun, orientation dan event tidak jauh berbeda dengan yang ada dalam narrative dan recount.
Sedang untuk twist, bagi seorang yang belum terbiasa menulis cerita lucu mungkin sangat sulit; untuk memahami twist saja sudah sulit, apalagi mengarang sendiri...

Ya, untuk memahami twist, kita membutuhkan selera humor tinggi hingga kita mampu mencerna apa dibalik kelucuan yang terkandung dalam twist ini. Sebab biasanya sangat sulit memperkirakan, "apa sih bagian lucunya?"

Example :

                                                                     The Lucky Coat

One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes.

When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes

Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food

Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, Coat!” the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; “What are doing?” Nasreddin replied calmly; “When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head. 

Hortatory Exposition

PENGERTIAN HORTATORY EXPOSITION TEXT Disebutkan dalam Concise Oxford Dictionary, Hortatory termasuk kata sifat (adjective) bermakna "tending or aiming to exhort" ("cenderung atau bertujuan mendorong / mendesak orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu"). Sedangkan Exposition bermakna "a comprehensive description and explanation of a theory" ("Penjelasan dan penjabaran sebuah teori secara komprehensif"). Jadi secara bahasa, jika disimpulkan, hortatory exposition adalah teks yang menjelaskan sebuah teori/masalah secara komprehensif dengan tujuan mendorong orang lain melakukan / tidak melakukan sesuatu.
GENERIC STRUCTURE OF HORTATORY EXPOSITION Generic Structure, atau susunan umum hortatory exposition adalah sebagai berikut :  

1. Thesis / General Statement Thesis / general statement berisi pernyataan pembuka mengenai topik pembahasan. Sebagai contoh kita akan membahas mengenai bahaya rokok, thesis statement yang bisa kita gunakan misalnya : “Rokok dapat menyebabkan kanker, serangan jantung, dan impotensi”.

 2. Arguments Arguments, ”Pendapat” berisi berbagai pembahasan lanjutan dari thesis statement secara detail. Akan lebih baik jika argument ini tidak hanya berisi pendapat pribadi penulis saja tapi juga bisa berisi pendapat para pakar. Mengacu pada contoh thesis statement tentang rokok di atas, kita bisa membuat arguments pendukung dengan lebih detail, misalnya :
Argument 1 : Saya mengira serangan jantung yang dialami direktur PT. LaptopButut, Pak “XXX”, disebabkan karena intensitas merokok lebih banyak dari pada minum air putih.(Terus kembangkan paragraf ini lebih dalam)
 Argument 2 : Telah banyak dibuktikan bahwa rokok hampir menjadi sebab utama penyakit kanker. (Terus kembangkan paragraf ini)
 Argument 3 : Impotensi seorang bos “XXX” di kota “XXX” disebutkan karena kebiasaanya merokok sebelum tidur. (terus kembangkan lagi paragraf ini)  

Poster, Pamphlet, and Banner

    A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. Posters may be used for many purposes. They are a frequent tool of advertisers (particularly of events, musicians and films), propagandists, protestors and other groups trying to communicate a message. Posters are also used for reproductions of artwork, particularly famous works, and are generally low-cost compared to original artwork.

     A pamphlet is an unbound booklet (that is, without a hard cover or binding). It may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet), or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires a publication (other than a periodical) to have "at least 5 but not more than 48 pages exclusive of the cover pages"; a longer item is a book.

Poem

School

By: ZaKyr Davis

School can be fun,
School can be boring,
School bring friends,
School bring enemies,
School can bring rules,
But do you break them.
School brings bullies,

SK & KD B.Inggris Kelas XI Semester 1

STANDAR KOMPETENSI DAN KOMPETENSI DASAR BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS XI semester 1

Mendengarkan

1.      Memahami makna dalam percakapan transaksional dan interpersonal resmi dan berlanjut (sustained) dalam konteks  kehidupan sehari-hari

1.1  Merespon makna dalam percakapan transaksional (to get things done) dan interpersonal (bersosialisasi)  resmi dan berlanjut (sustained) secara akurat, lancar, dan berterima yang menggunakan ragam bahasa lisan dalam konteks  kehidupan sehari-hari dan melibatkan tindak tutur: menyampaikan pendapat, meminta pendapat, menyatakan puas, dan menyatakan tidak puas

Expressing satisfaction and dissatisfaction (UNGKAPAN KEPUASAN DAN KETIDAKPUASAN)

Satisfaction is a pleasant feeling which you get when you receive something you wanted, or when you have done receive something you wanted, or when you have done something you wanted to do.something you wanted to do.

        Dissatisfaction is unpleasant felling in your complaintwhen you get something that is not wanted to do.when you get something that is not wanted to do

EXPRESSIONS OF ASKING AND GIVING OPINION (Meminta dan Memberikan Pendapat)

Opinion is including  the words of opinion and argument/ reasons.
Opinion dialogue is a dialog consists of two persons or more who have opinion each others. It can use the expressions, such as in my opinion, in my view, I think etc.  Argument dialogue is a dialog that states the arguments or reasons. It can use the words such as first, second etc for arranging arguments.
Asking opinion : 

Simple Present

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:

• You speak English.
• Do you speak English?
• You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Types of Verbs

By Qoidatur Rizqiyah & Susi Elfi Rahayu XI IPS 1

Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.

Group I Normal Verbs

Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses.

Present Perfect

Present Perfect By Rizqi & Susi XI IPS 1

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Adjective clauses

Adjective Clauses by Qoidatur Rizqiyah & Susi Elfi Rahayu XI IPS 1

Adjective clauses atau klausa adjektiva adalah dependent clause yang memiliki subjek dan predikat yang tidak berdiri sendiri dalam kalimat. Adjective clauses ini berfungsi seperti halnya adjectives yang menerangkan nouns (kata benda) atau pronouns (kata ganti).

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

- the red coat (adjective)

- the coat which I bought yesterday (adjective clause)

Seperti halnya kata “red” pada contoh pertama, dependent clause “which I bought yesterday” pada contoh kedua juga menerangkan kata benda “coat”. Adjective clause ini terletak sesudah nouns atau pronouns yang diterangkan, sedangkan adjective terletak sebelumnya.

Ada dua jenis kata yang digunakan dalam adjective clauses, yaitu relative pronouns dan subordinate conjunctions.

Report Text

A. Pengertian Report Text

Report Text adalah salah satu dari ke-13 jenis teks bahasa Inggris (Types of Text) yang menghadirkan informasi tentang sesuatu seperti alam, hewan, tumbuhan, hasil karya manusia, dan fenomena sosial dengan apa adanya. Informasi yang dihadirkan dalam Report Text adalah hasil dari observasi dan analisis secara sistematis.

B. Tujuan Komunikatif Report Text

Tujuan komunikatif dari Report Text adalah menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang di deskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alami, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah Report Text dapat berupa kesimpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya.

Recount Text

A. Pengertian Recount Text

Recount Text adalah salah satu dari jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang menceritakan kembali kejadian-kejadian atau pengalaman-pengalaman di masa lampau. Tujuan dari Recount Text adalah untuk memberikan informasi atau untuk menghibur pembaca. Di dalam Recount Text tidak terdapat komplikasi (Complication) seperti halnya di Narrative Text.

 

B. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks Recount 

Tujuan komunikatif Recount Text seperti penjelasan di atas adalah untuk melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur tentunya tanpa ada konflik di dalam cerita tersebut.
 

C. Generic structure Teks Recount
 

1. Orientation
Orientation atau pengenalan yaitu memberikan informasi tentang siapa, di mana, dan kapan peristiwa atau kegiatan itu terjadi di masa lampau.