Talking about cause and effect

Talking about cause and effect

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Cause and effect

When we talk about an effect resulting from a certain cause, we use expressions such as: because, since, as, owing to, due to...

 Examples

• The police arrested him because he broke into a bank.
• The police arrested him since he broke into a bank.
• She can't read the letter as she is illiterate.
• He can't run fast for he is too fat.
• Owing to his intelligence, he managed to solve the problem.
• Due to the bad weather, they didn't go for a picnic.

Other ways to express cause and effect:

You can also express cause and effect as follows:

• The cause of …is…
• …is caused by / is due to …
• Thanks to ...

 Examples:

The cause of	global warming	is pollution.
Global warming	is caused by	pollution.
	is due to

Thanks to

his hard work ,

he passed the exam

Is there a difference between due to and owing to?

Owing to and due to are used interchangeably by native speakers although some state that there is a difference.
a. Due to:
If you can use caused by then you can also use due to:
Example:

Noun Clause

Definisi dan Contoh Kalimat Noun Clause

Noun cluase adalah sebuah kalimat yang yang bergantung pada kalimat yang lain. Noun clauses tidak dapat berdiri sendiri karena dia belum memiliki makna yang lengkap atau biasa dikatakan dependent clause. Ada beberapa macam kata yang biasa dipakai pada noun clauses seperti when, why, whom, where, how, what, whose, dan which.

Fungsi dan Contoh Noun Clause

1.    Noun clause sebagai subject kalimat (subject of a sentence)

       Contoh kalimat:

       What you said doesn’t convince me at all.

       How he becomes so rich makes people curious.

       What the salesman has said is untrue.

       That the world is round is a fact.

2.    Noun clause sebagai object verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)

       Contoh kalimat:

       I know what you mean.

       I don’t understand what he is talking about.

       Please tell me what happened.

       He said that his son would study in Australia.

3.    Noun clause sebagai object preposisi (object of a preposition)

       Contoh kalimat:

       Please listen to what your teacher is saying.

       Be careful of what you’re doing.

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Expression of Embarrassment

Expression of Embarrassment

Expressing embarrassment is expressing feeling of being worries and ashamed. Expressing embarrassment is used to show that someone is embarrassed.

There are some expressions that can be used in expressing embarrassment, they are: 

• How embarrassing
• What an embarrassment!
•  I must say that it’s an embarrassment.
• That’s a real embarrassment.
• What a shame.
• It’s my embarrassment to ….
• I was so ashamed
• It really makes me ashamed.
•  Tell me it never happened.
• I was so embarrassed.
• tell me it did not happen.
• I am embarrassed
• I feel ashamed
• Shame on me
• I don't feel comfortable
• I feel awkward
• It’s my embarrassment to…

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan. Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu real conditional (nyata) dan unreal/ contrary to fact (tidak nyata).

Conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:

a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.

b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).

Ada beberapa tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu:

1. Type I: Future Conditional
2. Type II: Present Conditional

3. Type III: Past Conditional

1. Type I: Future Conditional

Kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejadian yang diharapkan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi. (probable condition)

Pola kalimat:

If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense atau subjek + future tense, if + subjek + future tense

Contoh:

English test (vocabulary)

1. I'm .....  of, although I'm not a winner
  a.calm    c.unfriendly
  b.proud  d.sad

2. I ...... my dad who was in Singapore
  a.lonely               c.angry
  b.embarrassed  d.homesick

3. What do you feel when you see a ghost?
  a.nervous           c.Frightened
  b.embarrassed  d.sad

Spoof Text

Spoof text adalah salah satu jenis teks bahasa Inggris yang isinya mengenai cerita lucu. Siapa sih yang tidak tersenyum jika ada hal yang bersifat lucu? Orang stress aja kali ya? Jika narrative text cenderung menceritakan suatu kisah dengan berbagai permasalahan yang harus dipecahkan; dan jika recount text lebih condong menceritakan kegiatan seseorang dalam urutan waktu tertentu, spoof text masih berbeda dengan dengan kedua teks tersebut. Apa sih Spoff text itu ?

DEFINISI SPOOF TEXT

Disebutkan dalam Cambridge Advance Learner's Dictionary Online, ada dua makna spoof. Pertama, sebagai kata benda, spoof bermakna, "a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theatre, etc. that copies the style of an original work". Sedang kedua, spoof sebagai kata kerja, bermakna, "to try to make someone believe in something that is not true, as a joke."

Dari kedua arti spoof di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengertian spoof text adalah sebuah teks yang berisi tentang humor meski sebagian teksnya sudah dimodifikasi dari aslinya.

GENERIC STRUCTURE OF SPOOF TEXT

Generic Structure (Susunan umum) dalam spoof text adalah :

1. Orientation, berisi pengenalan tokoh, latar, setting dll.
2. Events, berisi peristiwa atau kejadian
3. Twist, ending cerita (akhir cerita yang dianggap lucu, kadang tidak terduga)

Penjelasan mengenai orientation dan event sudah sering dibahas, khususnya pada pelajaran narrative text dan recount text. Dalam spoof text pun, orientation dan event tidak jauh berbeda dengan yang ada dalam narrative dan recount.
Sedang untuk twist, bagi seorang yang belum terbiasa menulis cerita lucu mungkin sangat sulit; untuk memahami twist saja sudah sulit, apalagi mengarang sendiri...

Ya, untuk memahami twist, kita membutuhkan selera humor tinggi hingga kita mampu mencerna apa dibalik kelucuan yang terkandung dalam twist ini. Sebab biasanya sangat sulit memperkirakan, "apa sih bagian lucunya?"

Example :

                                                                     The Lucky Coat

One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes.

When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes

Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food

Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, Coat!” the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nareddin; “What are doing?” Nasreddin replied calmly; “When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.